American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP) Histotechnologist Practice Test

In relation to CNS cells, oligodendroglia are characterized by their role in which function?

1. Producing neurotransmitters

2. Myelinating axons

3. Regulating blood-brain barrier

4. Phagocytizing debris

The correct answer is: Myelinating axons

Oligodendroglia, also known as oligodendrocytes, are specialized glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that play a crucial role in the process of myelination. Myelination is the formation of a protective myelin sheath around axons, which is essential for the proper functioning of nerve fibers. This myelin sheath acts as an insulating layer, significantly increasing the speed at which electrical impulses can travel along the axon, thereby facilitating efficient communication between neurons. In the CNS, oligodendrocytes can extend their processes to multiple axons, providing myelination for several neurons simultaneously. This is in contrast to Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system, which typically myelinate only one axon. Myelination by oligodendrocytes is vital for maintaining the integrity of neural circuits and supporting the overall function of the nervous system. The other functions listed, such as producing neurotransmitters, regulating the blood-brain barrier, and phagocytizing debris, are attributed to different cell types within the CNS. Astrocytes, for example, are involved in regulating the blood-brain barrier and maintaining the extracellular environment, while microglia serve as the immune cells of the